Joshua 10 Explained summary meaning ai commentary

Joshua 10 meaning explained in AI Summary

The Conquest of Northern Kingdoms: After the deception of the Gibeonites, the Israelites continue to conquer the land. They defeat the northern kingdoms of Hazor and Kedesh, and they establish their dominance over the entire land. The conquest of the northern kingdoms is a decisive victory for the Israelites. It is a sign that God is with them and that he will give them victory over their enemies.

This chapter recounts a significant victory for the Israelites under Joshua's leadership and highlights God's powerful intervention on their behalf.

The Gibeonite Alliance and the Amorite Response:

The Gibeonites, a Canaanite people, tricked Joshua into making a peace treaty with them (Joshua 9).
Five Amorite kings, threatened by this alliance, joined forces to attack Gibeon.
The Gibeonites appealed to Joshua for help.

Joshua's Night March and Divine Intervention:

Joshua launched a surprise night attack from Gilgal, catching the Amorites off guard.
God threw the Amorite army into a panic, leading to a massive rout.
As the Israelites pursued the fleeing Amorites, God sent a devastating hailstorm that killed more enemies than the Israelites' swords.

The Sun Stands Still:

To complete the victory before nightfall, Joshua prayed for God to stop the sun and moon in their tracks.
Miraculously, God answered his prayer, and the sun stood still in the sky for an entire day, allowing the Israelites to finish the battle.

The Five Kings and the Conquest Continues:

The five Amorite kings hid in a cave, but were discovered and executed by Joshua.
Joshua and the Israelites went on to conquer several more cities in the region, including Makkedah, Libnah, Lachish, Eglon, Hebron, and Debir.

Themes:

God's Faithfulness: This chapter emphasizes God's faithfulness to his covenant with Israel. He protected them, fought for them, and gave them victory.
The Power of Prayer: Joshua's prayer for the sun to stand still demonstrates the power of bold, faith-filled prayer.
Obedience and Courage: The Israelites' obedience to God's commands and their courage in battle were key to their success.

Chapter 10 is a pivotal chapter in the book of Joshua, showcasing the height of Israelite military success under Joshua's leadership and the awe-inspiring power of God working on their behalf.

Joshua 10 bible study ai commentary

Joshua 10 presents God's divine intervention and covenant faithfulness, demonstrating His supreme power over creation and enemy kings. When a southern Canaanite coalition attacks Gibeon because of its treaty with Israel, Joshua responds in faith. God fights for Israel, using supernatural hail and unprecedentedly extending the day, leading to a decisive victory. The chapter concludes with the execution of the five enemy kings and a rapid, systematic conquest of the southern territories, underscoring the theme that God alone secures the promised inheritance for His people.

Joshua 10 context

The events occur in the Late Bronze Age southern Levant (Canaan). The region was a collection of fortified city-states, each ruled by a local king, often under the nominal influence of Egypt. This fragmented political landscape allowed Israel, a unified force under a single leader, to conquer them sequentially. Culturally, Canaanite religion was polytheistic, centered on deities like Baal (storm/fertility god), and celestial gods like Shamash (sun) and Yarih (moon). The chapter's miracles serve as direct polemics against these deities, showing Yahweh as the supreme power over storms, the sun, and the moon. The warfare practices, including placing feet on the necks of captive kings and herem (devoting to destruction), were known conventions of ancient Near Eastern conquest, used here to signify Yahweh's total victory and judgment.

Joshua 10:1-5

As soon as Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard how Joshua had taken Ai and had devoted it to destruction, doing to Ai and its king as he had done to Jericho and its king, and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel and were among them, he feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, like one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all its men were warriors. So Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, to Piram king of Jarmuth, to Japhia king of Lachish, and to Debir king of Eglon, saying, “Come up to me and help me, and let us strike Gibeon. For it has made peace with Joshua and the people of Israel.” Then the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon, gathered their forces and went up with all their armies and encamped against Gibeon and made war against it.

In-depth-analysis

Adoni-zedek: His name means "lord of righteousness." This is a stark contrast and likely a polemic against Jerusalem's previous king, Melchizedek, whose name means "king of righteousness" and who was a priest of God Most High. Adoni-zedek represents a counterfeit righteousness and kingship.
Fear as a Weapon: The "fear" of Israel, prophesied as a tool of conquest, is now a reality, uniting previously fragmented kings (Ex 23:27, Deut 2:25). Gibeon’s defection created a strategic breach in the Canaanite defenses, prompting this coalition.
Southern Coalition: This alliance of five major southern city-states demonstrates the serious threat Israel posed. Their target is Gibeon, punishing them for treason and to eliminate an Israelite foothold.
Strategic Location: Jerusalem, Hebron, Lachish, and the other cities formed a defensive line in the Judean highlands and the Shephelah (foothills). Gibeon's treaty broke this line.

Bible references

Gen 14:18 '...Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. (He was priest of God Most High).' [Contrasting kings of Jerusalem]
Ps 2:2 'The kings of the earth set themselves... against the LORD and against his Anointed...' [Kings forming a futile coalition against God's plan]
Ps 110:4 'The LORD has sworn... "You are a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek."' [The true "Lord of Righteousness" is the Messiah, not Adoni-zedek]

Cross references

Ex 23:27 (God sends fear ahead); Jos 9:15 (The Gibeonite treaty that initiated the conflict); Acts 4:26 (Earthly rulers conspire against the Lord's chosen).

Joshua 10:6-9

And the men of Gibeon sent to Joshua at the camp in Gilgal, saying, “Do not abandon your servants. Come up to us quickly and save us and help us, for all the kings of the Amorites who dwell in the hill country are gathered against us.” So Joshua went up from Gilgal, he and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valor. And the LORD said to Joshua, “Do not fear them, for I have given them into your hand. Not a man of them shall stand before you.” So Joshua came upon them suddenly, having marched all night from Gilgal.

In-depth-analysis

Covenant Loyalty: Despite being tricked into the treaty, Israel honors its oath. Joshua's response affirms that a sworn covenant, even a flawed one, is binding. This integrity contrasts with the later failure of King Saul, who broke this very covenant (2 Sam 21:1-2).
Divine Assurance: "Do not fear them, for I have given them into your hand" is God's recurring promise, transforming a human military campaign into a divine undertaking. It echoes God’s first charge to Joshua.
Human Effort & Divine Sovereignty: Joshua's army marches "all night," a remarkable feat of endurance and military strategy (about 20-25 miles uphill). This demonstrates that faith in God's promise does not lead to passivity but empowers human action. God gives the victory, but Israel must fight the battle.

Bible references

Jos 1:9 'Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous... for the LORD your God is with you...' [Repeating the foundational command to Joshua]
Deut 31:6 'Be strong and courageous... It is the LORD your God who goes with you; he will not leave you or forsake you.' [Moses' original charge, now being lived out]
2 Sam 21:1-2 '...There was a famine... because of Saul and his bloodstained house, because he put the Gibeonites to death.' [Saul's later violation of this covenant brought judgment]

Cross references

Jos 9:15 (The binding treaty); Jdg 4:14 (Deborah gives similar assurance to Barak); 1 Mac 4:8-11 (Judas Maccabeus gives similar speech); Ps 121:3-4 (God never slumbers or sleeps).

Joshua 10:10-11

And the LORD threw them into a panic before Israel, who struck them with a great blow at Gibeon and chased them by the way of the ascent of Beth-horon and struck them as far as Azekah and Makkedah. And as they fled before Israel, while they were going down the ascent of Beth-horon, the LORD threw down large stones from heaven on them as far as Azekah, and they died. There were more who died because of the hailstones than the sons of Israel killed with the sword.

In-depth-analysis

Divine Panic: The word for "panic" (hāmam) denotes a supernatural confusion sent by God in holy war. It is not just military chaos; it's a divine rout. God demoralizes the enemy before the first sword is swung.
Divine Warfare: The narrative explicitly states that God's weapons (hailstones) were more effective than Israel's weapons (swords). This reinforces the central theme: "the LORD... fought for Israel." He is the primary warrior.
Beth-horon Pass: A strategic and steep pass. The fleeing army was bottlenecked here, making them vulnerable to both the pursuing Israelites and the divine hailstorm.

Polemics

The use of hailstones is a direct polemic against Baal, the Canaanite god of storms and weather. By wielding the storm with greater destructive power than any Canaanite could imagine, Yahweh demonstrates His complete sovereignty over creation and Baal's impotence. This event showed Israel that their God, not Baal, controlled the rain, lightning, and hail.

Bible references

Ex 14:24 '...the LORD in the pillar of fire and of cloud looked down on the Egyptian forces and threw the Egyptian forces into a panic (hāmam).' [The same divine weapon used at the Red Sea]
Rev 16:21 'And great hailstones, about one hundred pounds each, fell from heaven on people...' [Hail as an instrument of divine judgment in the eschatological end]
Job 38:22-23 'Have you entered the storehouses of the snow, or have you seen the storehouses of the hail, which I have reserved for the time of trouble, for the day of battle and war?' [God declares control over hail for judgment]

Cross references

1 Sam 7:10 (God thundered against the Philistines); Ps 18:13-14 (The Lord thundered from heaven); Isa 30:30 (God's judgment with tempest and hailstones).

Joshua 10:12-15

At that time Joshua spoke to the LORD in the day when the LORD gave the Amorites over to the sons of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, “Sun, stand still at Gibeon, and moon, in the Valley of Aijalon.” And the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, until the nation took vengeance on their enemies. Is this not written in the Book of Jashar? The sun stopped in the midst of heaven and did not hurry to set for about a whole day. There has been no day like it before or since, when the LORD obeyed the voice of a man, for the LORD fought for Israel. Then Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp at Gilgal.

In-depth-analysis

Commanding Creation: Joshua, filled with faith from the victory, speaks directly to the sun and moon. He is not praying for more daylight; he is commanding it as God's agent. This demonstrates an unprecedented level of authority given to a human.
Theological Meaning: The point is not the specific astronomical mechanism but the theological statement: The God of Israel controls the entire cosmos, including the celestial bodies worshiped as gods by other nations. He can make creation serve His redemptive purposes.
Interpretations:
1. Miraculous Event: God literally altered the laws of physics, halting the earth's rotation or causing a local light refraction miracle. This is the plain reading.
2. Phenomenological Poetry: The event is described from an earthly perspective using epic, poetic language to celebrate a swift victory that was accomplished in what seemed like a miraculously long day. The quotation from the "Book of Jashar" (a known book of poetry) supports this view.
3. Military Eclipse: Some researchers propose this describes a solar eclipse which, rather than providing light, was seen as a divine omen of darkness and doom for the sun-worshipping Canaanites, causing panic.
Book of Jashar: "Book of the Upright." An ancient, non-canonical Hebrew collection of songs and heroic poetry, also mentioned in 2 Samuel 1:18. Its citation lends historical and literary weight to the account.
Uniqueness: "There has been no day like it... when the LORD obeyed the voice of a man." This highlights the singular nature of the event and Joshua's unique relationship with God in this moment of holy war.

Polemics

This is the ultimate polemic against celestial deities. In the ancient Near East, the sun (Shamash) and moon (Yarih/Sin) were powerful gods who supposedly ordered the universe. Here, an Israelite commander orders them around as if they were subordinates. Yahweh's servant commands the other nations' "greatest" gods. This declared Yahweh's absolute supremacy over the entire pagan pantheon.

Bible references

Hab 3:11 'Sun and moon stood still in their place at the light of your arrows as they sped...' [A poetic recollection of God's mighty acts at the conquest]
Isa 38:8 'Behold, I will make the shadow cast by the sun on the dial of Ahaz turn back ten steps.' [Another instance of God controlling the sun's perceived movement]
Mk 4:39 'And he awoke and rebuked the wind and said to the sea, “Peace! Be still!”' [Jesus, the greater Joshua, also commands nature with a word]

Cross references

Jdg 5:20 (The stars fight for Israel); Ps 19:1 (The heavens declare God's glory); Matt 8:27 (The disciples ask, "What sort of man is this, that even winds and sea obey him?").

Joshua 10:16-27

These five kings fled and hid themselves in the cave at Makkedah. ...And Joshua said, “Roll large stones against the mouth of the cave and set men by it to guard them, but do not stay there yourselves. Pursue your enemies... Do not let them enter their cities, for the LORD your God has given them into your hand.” ...Then Joshua said, “Open the mouth of the cave and bring those five kings out to me...” ...And Joshua said to them, “Do not be afraid or dismayed; be strong and courageous. For thus the LORD will do to all your enemies against whom you fight.” He commanded his commanders to come near and put their feet on the necks of these kings. ...And afterward Joshua struck them and put them to death, and he hanged them on five trees. And they hung on the trees until evening. But at the time of the going down of the sun, Joshua commanded, and they took them down from the trees... and they rolled large stones against the mouth of the cave, which remain to this very day.

In-depth-analysis

Cave as a Tomb: The kings hide in a cave, a place of refuge, but Joshua turns it into their prison and ultimately their tomb. The stone rolled against it prefigures their sealed fate.
Putting Feet on the Neck: A common ancient Near Eastern symbolic act of total conquest and humiliation, depicted in Egyptian and Mesopotamian art. For Israel, this was not just for Joshua's glory; he makes his commanders do it as a lesson in faith for future battles. It was a tangible sign of God's promise being fulfilled.
Hanging on a Tree: This public display served as a warning. The removal of the bodies at sunset complies specifically with the Law of Moses. To leave a body overnight would defile the land God was giving them. Joshua’s obedience is meticulous even in the heat of war.
Cursed by God: Being "hanged on a tree" carried the stigma of being under God's curse, signifying their judgment was from Yahweh himself.

Bible references

Deut 21:22-23 '...if you hang him on a tree, his body shall not remain all night on the tree, but you shall bury him the same day, for a hanged man is cursed by God.' [Joshua's direct obedience to Torah]
Ps 110:1 'The LORD says to my Lord: "Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool."' [The typological fulfillment of placing feet on enemies' necks]
Gal 3:13 'Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us—for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who is hanged on a tree”' [The New Testament re-frames this curse in the context of Christ's substitutionary atonement]

Cross references

1 Cor 15:25 (Christ must reign until he has put all enemies under his feet); Gen 19:17 (Fleeing for one's life); Deut 28:25 (The curse of fleeing before enemies).

Joshua 10:28-43

Joshua took Makkedah on that day... He devoted to destruction every person in it... As soon as Joshua had finished... the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel. Then Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp at Gilgal.

In-depth-analysis

Systematic Conquest: This section is a rapid, formulaic summary of the southern campaign, listing the conquest of Makkedah, Libnah, Lachish, Gezer, Eglon, Hebron, and Debir. The formula emphasizes totality and divine command: "devoted to destruction every person... as the LORD God of Israel commanded."
Herem Warfare: The phrase "devoted to destruction" or "utterly destroyed" translates the Hebrew word herem. This was a form of holy war where the spoils (people, possessions) were consecrated to God through destruction, removing them from human use. This was to be applied only to the Canaanites within the promised land to purge the land of their idolatrous influence and execute divine judgment.
Concluding Summary (v. 40-43): These verses summarize the entire southern campaign. The extent of the victory covers the entire southern part of Canaan. Verse 42 provides the ultimate reason for success: "...because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel." It was not Israel's military might, but God's. The return to Gilgal marks the end of this campaign phase.
Theological not Historical record: The sweeping language "left none remaining" is likely ancient Near Eastern victory hyperbole, meant to convey the totality of the military defeat. We know from later chapters (e.g., Jos 15:63, Jdg 1:21) that some Canaanite populations remained. The focus is theological: the legitimate claim to the land was secured by God's decisive victory.

Bible references

Deut 20:16-17 '...in the cities of these peoples that the LORD your God is giving you for an inheritance, you shall save alive nothing that breathes...' [Herem as a direct command from the Torah]
Gen 15:16 '...in the fourth generation they shall come back here, for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete.' [God's judgment on Canaan was a patient and long-foretold event]
1 Sam 15:9 'But Saul and the people spared Agag and the best of the sheep and of the oxen...' [King Saul's failure to fully obey herem, which led to his rejection as king]

Cross references

Deut 7:2-6 (Command to destroy Canaanite influence); Num 33:52-53 (Command to drive out the inhabitants); Jos 11:16-20 (Summary of the northern campaign).

Joshua chapter 10 analysis

Joshua (Yeshua) as a Type of Christ: Joshua's name is the Hebrew form of Jesus. In this chapter, Joshua (1) fights on behalf of those in a covenant relationship with Israel (Gibeonites), (2) is assured by God the Father of victory, (3) commands the celestial bodies, (4) defeats a coalition of kings, (5) executes judgment, placing his feet on their necks (cf. Ps 110:1), and (6) leads his people in securing their inheritance. This entire narrative powerfully prefigures Jesus Christ, the greater Joshua, who defeats the spiritual powers of darkness (Eph 6:12), has all authority in heaven and on earth (Matt 28:18), and secures an eternal rest for his people (Heb 4:8-10).
The Nature of Herem (Devotion to Destruction): This chapter raises difficult ethical questions. The Bible frames herem not as ethnic cleansing but as divine judgment. It was:
1. A consequence of sin: Canaanite religion involved ritual prostitution and child sacrifice. God had waited centuries for their "iniquity to be complete" (Gen 15:16).
2. A protection for Israel: Its purpose was to prevent Israel from adopting these depraved practices and thus failing in its mission to be a light to the nations (Deut 7:4).
3. Unique and restricted: It was limited to this specific time, place, and people group. It was never a universal command for all warfare.
Faith and Works: The chapter perfectly balances divine sovereignty with human responsibility. God promises victory and supernaturally intervenes with hail and extended daylight. However, Joshua and his army must still march all night, fight fiercely, pursue their enemies relentlessly, and carry out the sentences. Faith empowers and demands action.

Joshua 10 summary

Triggered by Gibeon's defection, five Amorite kings attack them. Israel honors its covenant and comes to Gibeon's aid. God assures Joshua of victory and supernaturally fights for Israel with a panic, a great hailstorm, and by miraculously extending daylight, allowing for a total rout of the enemy. The five kings are captured and executed in a symbolic display of God's judgment and power. Following this decisive battle, Joshua leads a swift campaign, conquering the major fortified cities of southern Canaan, fulfilling God's promise to give Israel the land because He Himself fought for them.

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Joshua chapter 10 kjv

¹ Now it came to pass, when Adonizedec king of Jerusalem had heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them;
² That they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty.
³ Wherefore Adonizedec king of Jerusalem, sent unto Hoham king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying,
⁴ Come up unto me, and help me, that we may smite Gibeon: for it hath made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel.
⁵ Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their hosts, and encamped before Gibeon, and made war against it.
⁶ And the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua to the camp to Gilgal, saying, Slack not thy hand from thy servants; come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us: for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the mountains are gathered together against us.
⁷ So Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valor.
⁸ And the LORD said unto Joshua, Fear them not: for I have delivered them into thine hand; there shall not a man of them stand before thee.
⁹ Joshua therefore came unto them suddenly, and went up from Gilgal all night.
¹⁰ And the LORD discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them along the way that goeth up to Bethhoron, and smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah.
¹¹ And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, and were in the going down to Bethhoron, that the LORD cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died: they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword.
¹² Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon.
¹³ And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day.
¹⁴ And there was no day like that before it or after it, that the LORD hearkened unto the voice of a man: for the LORD fought for Israel.
¹⁵ And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal.
¹⁶ But these five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave at Makkedah.
¹⁷ And it was told Joshua, saying, The five kings are found hid in a cave at Makkedah.
¹⁸ And Joshua said, Roll great stones upon the mouth of the cave, and set men by it for to keep them:
¹⁹ And stay ye not, but pursue after your enemies, and smite the hindmost of them; suffer them not to enter into their cities: for the LORD your God hath delivered them into your hand.
²⁰ And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, that the rest which remained of them entered into fenced cities.
²¹ And all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in peace: none moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel.
²² Then said Joshua, Open the mouth of the cave, and bring out those five kings unto me out of the cave.
²³ And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon.
²⁴ And it came to pass, when they brought out those kings unto Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said unto the captains of the men of war which went with him, Come near, put your feet upon the necks of these kings. And they came near, and put their feet upon the necks of them.
²⁵ And Joshua said unto them, Fear not, nor be dismayed, be strong and of good courage: for thus shall the LORD do to all your enemies against whom ye fight.
²⁶ And afterward Joshua smote them, and slew them, and hanged them on five trees: and they were hanging upon the trees until the evening.
²⁷ And it came to pass at the time of the going down of the sun, that Joshua commanded, and they took them down off the trees, and cast them into the cave wherein they had been hid, and laid great stones in the cave's mouth, which remain until this very day.
²⁸ And that day Joshua took Makkedah, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof he utterly destroyed, them, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain: and he did to the king of Makkedah as he did unto the king of Jericho.
²⁹ Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, unto Libnah, and fought against Libnah:
³⁰ And the LORD delivered it also, and the king thereof, into the hand of Israel; and he smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein; he let none remain in it; but did unto the king thereof as he did unto the king of Jericho.
³¹ And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it:
³² And the LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, which took it on the second day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein, according to all that he had done to Libnah.
³³ Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.
³⁴ And from Lachish Joshua passed unto Eglon, and all Israel with him; and they encamped against it, and fought against it:
³⁵ And they took it on that day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein he utterly destroyed that day, according to all that he had done to Lachish.
³⁶ And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, unto Hebron; and they fought against it:
³⁷ And they took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof, and all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but destroyed it utterly, and all the souls that were therein.
³⁸ And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to Debir; and fought against it:
³⁹ And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining: as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to her king.
⁴⁰ So Joshua smote all the country of the hills, and of the south, and of the vale, and of the springs, and all their kings: he left none remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD God of Israel commanded.
⁴¹ And Joshua smote them from Kadeshbarnea even unto Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon.
⁴² And all these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because the LORD God of Israel fought for Israel.
⁴³ And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal.

Joshua chapter 10 nkjv

¹ Now it came to pass when Adoni-Zedek king of Jerusalem heard how Joshua had taken Ai and had utterly destroyed it? as he had done to Jericho and its king, so he had done to Ai and its king?and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel and were among them,
² that they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, like one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all its men were mighty.
³ Therefore Adoni-Zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, Piram king of Jarmuth, Japhia king of Lachish, and Debir king of Eglon, saying,
⁴ "Come up to me and help me, that we may attack Gibeon, for it has made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel."
⁵ Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon, gathered together and went up, they and all their armies, and camped before Gibeon and made war against it.
⁶ And the men of Gibeon sent to Joshua at the camp at Gilgal, saying, "Do not forsake your servants; come up to us quickly, save us and help us, for all the kings of the Amorites who dwell in the mountains have gathered together against us."
⁷ So Joshua ascended from Gilgal, he and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valor.
⁸ And the LORD said to Joshua, "Do not fear them, for I have delivered them into your hand; not a man of them shall stand before you."
⁹ Joshua therefore came upon them suddenly, having marched all night from Gilgal.
¹⁰ So the LORD routed them before Israel, killed them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, chased them along the road that goes to Beth Horon, and struck them down as far as Azekah and Makkedah.
¹¹ And it happened, as they fled before Israel and were on the descent of Beth Horon, that the LORD cast down large hailstones from heaven on them as far as Azekah, and they died. There were more who died from the hailstones than the children of Israel killed with the sword.
¹² Then Joshua spoke to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel: "Sun, stand still over Gibeon; And Moon, in the Valley of Aijalon."
¹³ So the sun stood still, And the moon stopped, Till the people had revenge Upon their enemies. Is this not written in the Book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and did not hasten to go down for about a whole day.
¹⁴ And there has been no day like that, before it or after it, that the LORD heeded the voice of a man; for the LORD fought for Israel.
¹⁵ Then Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp at Gilgal.
¹⁶ But these five kings had fled and hidden themselves in a cave at Makkedah.
¹⁷ And it was told Joshua, saying, "The five kings have been found hidden in the cave at Makkedah."
¹⁸ So Joshua said, "Roll large stones against the mouth of the cave, and set men by it to guard them.
¹⁹ And do not stay there yourselves, but pursue your enemies, and attack their rear guard. Do not allow them to enter their cities, for the LORD your God has delivered them into your hand."
²⁰ Then it happened, while Joshua and the children of Israel made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they had finished, that those who escaped entered fortified cities.
²¹ And all the people returned to the camp, to Joshua at Makkedah, in peace. No one moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel.
²² Then Joshua said, "Open the mouth of the cave, and bring out those five kings to me from the cave."
²³ And they did so, and brought out those five kings to him from the cave: the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon.
²⁴ So it was, when they brought out those kings to Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said to the captains of the men of war who went with him, "Come near, put your feet on the necks of these kings." And they drew near and put their feet on their necks.
²⁵ Then Joshua said to them, "Do not be afraid, nor be dismayed; be strong and of good courage, for thus the LORD will do to all your enemies against whom you fight."
²⁶ And afterward Joshua struck them and killed them, and hanged them on five trees; and they were hanging on the trees until evening.
²⁷ So it was at the time of the going down of the sun that Joshua commanded, and they took them down from the trees, cast them into the cave where they had been hidden, and laid large stones against the cave's mouth, which remain until this very day.
²⁸ On that day Joshua took Makkedah, and struck it and its king with the edge of the sword. He utterly destroyed them?all the people who were in it. He let none remain. He also did to the king of Makkedah as he had done to the king of Jericho.
²⁹ Then Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, to Libnah; and they fought against Libnah.
³⁰ And the LORD also delivered it and its king into the hand of Israel; he struck it and all the people who were in it with the edge of the sword. He let none remain in it, but did to its king as he had done to the king of Jericho.
³¹ Then Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, to Lachish; and they encamped against it and fought against it.
³² And the LORD delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, who took it on the second day, and struck it and all the people who were in it with the edge of the sword, according to all that he had done to Libnah.
³³ Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua struck him and his people, until he left him none remaining.
³⁴ From Lachish Joshua passed to Eglon, and all Israel with him; and they encamped against it and fought against it.
³⁵ They took it on that day and struck it with the edge of the sword; all the people who were in it he utterly destroyed that day, according to all that he had done to Lachish.
³⁶ So Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, to Hebron; and they fought against it.
³⁷ And they took it and struck it with the edge of the sword?its king, all its cities, and all the people who were in it; he left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon, but utterly destroyed it and all the people who were in it.
³⁸ Then Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to Debir; and they fought against it.
³⁹ And he took it and its king and all its cities; they struck them with the edge of the sword and utterly destroyed all the people who were in it. He left none remaining; as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir and its king, as he had done also to Libnah and its king.
⁴⁰ So Joshua conquered all the land: the mountain country and the South and the lowland and the wilderness slopes, and all their kings; he left none remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed, as the LORD God of Israel had commanded.
⁴¹ And Joshua conquered them from Kadesh Barnea as far as Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even as far as Gibeon.
⁴² All these kings and their land Joshua took at one time, because the LORD God of Israel fought for Israel.
⁴³ Then Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp at Gilgal.

Joshua chapter 10 niv

¹ Now Adoni-Zedek king of Jerusalem heard that Joshua had taken Ai and totally destroyed it, doing to Ai and its king as he had done to Jericho and its king, and that the people of Gibeon had made a treaty of peace with Israel and had become their allies.
² He and his people were very much alarmed at this, because Gibeon was an important city, like one of the royal cities; it was larger than Ai, and all its men were good fighters.
³ So Adoni-Zedek king of Jerusalem appealed to Hoham king of Hebron, Piram king of Jarmuth, Japhia king of Lachish and Debir king of Eglon.
⁴ "Come up and help me attack Gibeon," he said, "because it has made peace with Joshua and the Israelites."
⁵ Then the five kings of the Amorites?the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish and Eglon?joined forces. They moved up with all their troops and took up positions against Gibeon and attacked it.
⁶ The Gibeonites then sent word to Joshua in the camp at Gilgal: "Do not abandon your servants. Come up to us quickly and save us! Help us, because all the Amorite kings from the hill country have joined forces against us."
⁷ So Joshua marched up from Gilgal with his entire army, including all the best fighting men.
⁸ The LORD said to Joshua, "Do not be afraid of them; I have given them into your hand. Not one of them will be able to withstand you."
⁹ After an all-night march from Gilgal, Joshua took them by surprise.
¹⁰ The LORD threw them into confusion before Israel, so Joshua and the Israelites defeated them completely at Gibeon. Israel pursued them along the road going up to Beth Horon and cut them down all the way to Azekah and Makkedah.
¹¹ As they fled before Israel on the road down from Beth Horon to Azekah, the LORD hurled large hailstones down on them, and more of them died from the hail than were killed by the swords of the Israelites.
¹² On the day the LORD gave the Amorites over to Israel, Joshua said to the LORD in the presence of Israel: "Sun, stand still over Gibeon, and you, moon, over the Valley of Aijalon."
¹³ So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the nation avenged itself on its enemies, as it is written in the Book of Jashar. The sun stopped in the middle of the sky and delayed going down about a full day.
¹⁴ There has never been a day like it before or since, a day when the LORD listened to a human being. Surely the LORD was fighting for Israel!
¹⁵ Then Joshua returned with all Israel to the camp at Gilgal.
¹⁶ Now the five kings had fled and hidden in the cave at Makkedah.
¹⁷ When Joshua was told that the five kings had been found hiding in the cave at Makkedah,
¹⁸ he said, "Roll large rocks up to the mouth of the cave, and post some men there to guard it.
¹⁹ But don't stop; pursue your enemies! Attack them from the rear and don't let them reach their cities, for the LORD your God has given them into your hand."
²⁰ So Joshua and the Israelites defeated them completely, but a few survivors managed to reach their fortified cities.
²¹ The whole army then returned safely to Joshua in the camp at Makkedah, and no one uttered a word against the Israelites.
²² Joshua said, "Open the mouth of the cave and bring those five kings out to me."
²³ So they brought the five kings out of the cave?the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish and Eglon.
²⁴ When they had brought these kings to Joshua, he summoned all the men of Israel and said to the army commanders who had come with him, "Come here and put your feet on the necks of these kings." So they came forward and placed their feet on their necks.
²⁵ Joshua said to them, "Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged. Be strong and courageous. This is what the LORD will do to all the enemies you are going to fight."
²⁶ Then Joshua put the kings to death and exposed their bodies on five poles, and they were left hanging on the poles until evening.
²⁷ At sunset Joshua gave the order and they took them down from the poles and threw them into the cave where they had been hiding. At the mouth of the cave they placed large rocks, which are there to this day.
²⁸ That day Joshua took Makkedah. He put the city and its king to the sword and totally destroyed everyone in it. He left no survivors. And he did to the king of Makkedah as he had done to the king of Jericho.
²⁹ Then Joshua and all Israel with him moved on from Makkedah to Libnah and attacked it.
³⁰ The LORD also gave that city and its king into Israel's hand. The city and everyone in it Joshua put to the sword. He left no survivors there. And he did to its king as he had done to the king of Jericho.
³¹ Then Joshua and all Israel with him moved on from Libnah to Lachish; he took up positions against it and attacked it.
³² The LORD gave Lachish into Israel's hands, and Joshua took it on the second day. The city and everyone in it he put to the sword, just as he had done to Libnah.
³³ Meanwhile, Horam king of Gezer had come up to help Lachish, but Joshua defeated him and his army?until no survivors were left.
³⁴ Then Joshua and all Israel with him moved on from Lachish to Eglon; they took up positions against it and attacked it.
³⁵ They captured it that same day and put it to the sword and totally destroyed everyone in it, just as they had done to Lachish.
³⁶ Then Joshua and all Israel with him went up from Eglon to Hebron and attacked it.
³⁷ They took the city and put it to the sword, together with its king, its villages and everyone in it. They left no survivors. Just as at Eglon, they totally destroyed it and everyone in it.
³⁸ Then Joshua and all Israel with him turned around and attacked Debir.
³⁹ They took the city, its king and its villages, and put them to the sword. Everyone in it they totally destroyed. They left no survivors. They did to Debir and its king as they had done to Libnah and its king and to Hebron.
⁴⁰ So Joshua subdued the whole region, including the hill country, the Negev, the western foothills and the mountain slopes, together with all their kings. He left no survivors. He totally destroyed all who breathed, just as the LORD, the God of Israel, had commanded.
⁴¹ Joshua subdued them from Kadesh Barnea to Gaza and from the whole region of Goshen to Gibeon.
⁴² All these kings and their lands Joshua conquered in one campaign, because the LORD, the God of Israel, fought for Israel.
⁴³ Then Joshua returned with all Israel to the camp at Gilgal.

Joshua chapter 10 esv

¹ As soon as Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, heard how Joshua had captured Ai and had devoted it to destruction, doing to Ai and its king as he had done to Jericho and its king, and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel and were among them,
² he feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, like one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all its men were warriors.
³ So Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, to Piram king of Jarmuth, to Japhia king of Lachish, and to Debir king of Eglon, saying,
⁴ "Come up to me and help me, and let us strike Gibeon. For it has made peace with Joshua and with the people of Israel."
⁵ Then the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon, gathered their forces and went up with all their armies and encamped against Gibeon and made war against it.
⁶ And the men of Gibeon sent to Joshua at the camp in Gilgal, saying, "Do not relax your hand from your servants. Come up to us quickly and save us and help us, for all the kings of the Amorites who dwell in the hill country are gathered against us."
⁷ So Joshua went up from Gilgal, he and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valor.
⁸ And the LORD said to Joshua, "Do not fear them, for I have given them into your hands. Not a man of them shall stand before you."
⁹ So Joshua came upon them suddenly, having marched up all night from Gilgal.
¹⁰ And the LORD threw them into a panic before Israel, who struck them with a great blow at Gibeon and chased them by the way of the ascent of Beth-horon and struck them as far as Azekah and Makkedah.
¹¹ And as they fled before Israel, while they were going down the ascent of Beth-horon, the LORD threw down large stones from heaven on them as far as Azekah, and they died. There were more who died because of the hailstones than the sons of Israel killed with the sword.
¹² At that time Joshua spoke to the LORD in the day when the LORD gave the Amorites over to the sons of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, "Sun, stand still at Gibeon, and moon, in the Valley of Aijalon."
¹³ And the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, until the nation took vengeance on their enemies. Is this not written in the Book of Jashar? The sun stopped in the midst of heaven and did not hurry to set for about a whole day.
¹⁴ There has been no day like it before or since, when the LORD heeded the voice of a man, for the LORD fought for Israel.
¹⁵ So Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp at Gilgal.
¹⁶ These five kings fled and hid themselves in the cave at Makkedah.
¹⁷ And it was told to Joshua, "The five kings have been found, hidden in the cave at Makkedah."
¹⁸ And Joshua said, "Roll large stones against the mouth of the cave and set men by it to guard them,
¹⁹ but do not stay there yourselves. Pursue your enemies; attack their rear guard. Do not let them enter their cities, for the LORD your God has given them into your hand."
²⁰ When Joshua and the sons of Israel had finished striking them with a great blow until they were wiped out, and when the remnant that remained of them had entered into the fortified cities,
²¹ then all the people returned safe to Joshua in the camp at Makkedah. Not a man moved his tongue against any of the people of Israel.
²² Then Joshua said, "Open the mouth of the cave and bring those five kings out to me from the cave."
²³ And they did so, and brought those five kings out to him from the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon.
²⁴ And when they brought those kings out to Joshua, Joshua summoned all the men of Israel and said to the chiefs of the men of war who had gone with him, "Come near; put your feet on the necks of these kings." Then they came near and put their feet on their necks.
²⁵ And Joshua said to them, "Do not be afraid or dismayed; be strong and courageous. For thus the LORD will do to all your enemies against whom you fight."
²⁶ And afterward Joshua struck them and put them to death, and he hanged them on five trees. And they hung on the trees until evening.
²⁷ But at the time of the going down of the sun, Joshua commanded, and they took them down from the trees and threw them into the cave where they had hidden themselves, and they set large stones against the mouth of the cave, which remain to this very day.
²⁸ As for Makkedah, Joshua captured it on that day and struck it, and its king, with the edge of the sword. He devoted to destruction every person in it; he left none remaining. And he did to the king of Makkedah just as he had done to the king of Jericho.
²⁹ Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Makkedah to Libnah and fought against Libnah.
³⁰ And the LORD gave it also and its king into the hand of Israel. And he struck it with the edge of the sword, and every person in it; he left none remaining in it. And he did to its king as he had done to the king of Jericho.
³¹ Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Libnah to Lachish and laid siege to it and fought against it.
³² And the LORD gave Lachish into the hand of Israel, and he captured it on the second day and struck it with the edge of the sword, and every person in it, as he had done to Libnah.
³³ Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish. And Joshua struck him and his people, until he left none remaining.
³⁴ Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Lachish to Eglon. And they laid siege to it and fought against it.
³⁵ And they captured it on that day, and struck it with the edge of the sword. And he devoted every person in it to destruction that day, as he had done to Lachish.
³⁶ Then Joshua and all Israel with him went up from Eglon to Hebron. And they fought against it
³⁷ and captured it and struck it with the edge of the sword, and its king and its towns, and every person in it. He left none remaining, as he had done to Eglon, and devoted it to destruction and every person in it.
³⁸ Then Joshua and all Israel with him turned back to Debir and fought against it
³⁹ and he captured it with its king and all its towns. And they struck them with the edge of the sword and devoted to destruction every person in it; he left none remaining. Just as he had done to Hebron and to Libnah and its king, so he did to Debir and to its king.
⁴⁰ So Joshua struck the whole land, the hill country and the Negeb and the lowland and the slopes, and all their kings. He left none remaining, but devoted to destruction all that breathed, just as the LORD God of Israel commanded.
⁴¹ And Joshua struck them from Kadesh-barnea as far as Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, as far as Gibeon.
⁴² And Joshua captured all these kings and their land at one time, because the LORD God of Israel fought for Israel.
⁴³ Then Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, to the camp at Gilgal.

Joshua chapter 10 nlt

¹ Adoni-zedek, king of Jerusalem, heard that Joshua had captured and completely destroyed Ai and killed its king, just as he had destroyed the town of Jericho and killed its king. He also learned that the Gibeonites had made peace with Israel and were now their allies.
² He and his people became very afraid when they heard all this because Gibeon was a large town ? as large as the royal cities and larger than Ai. And the Gibeonite men were strong warriors.
³ So King Adoni-zedek of Jerusalem sent messengers to several other kings: Hoham of Hebron, Piram of Jarmuth, Japhia of Lachish, and Debir of Eglon.
⁴ "Come and help me destroy Gibeon," he urged them, "for they have made peace with Joshua and the people of Israel."
⁵ So these five Amorite kings combined their armies for a united attack. They moved all their troops into place and attacked Gibeon.
⁶ The men of Gibeon quickly sent messengers to Joshua at his camp in Gilgal. "Don't abandon your servants now!" they pleaded. "Come at once! Save us! Help us! For all the Amorite kings who live in the hill country have joined forces to attack us."
⁷ So Joshua and his entire army, including his best warriors, left Gilgal and set out for Gibeon.
⁸ "Do not be afraid of them," the LORD said to Joshua, "for I have given you victory over them. Not a single one of them will be able to stand up to you."
⁹ Joshua traveled all night from Gilgal and took the Amorite armies by surprise.
¹⁰ The LORD threw them into a panic, and the Israelites slaughtered great numbers of them at Gibeon. Then the Israelites chased the enemy along the road to Beth-horon, killing them all along the way to Azekah and Makkedah.
¹¹ As the Amorites retreated down the road from Beth-horon, the LORD destroyed them with a terrible hailstorm from heaven that continued until they reached Azekah. The hail killed more of the enemy than the Israelites killed with the sword.
¹² On the day the LORD gave the Israelites victory over the Amorites, Joshua prayed to the LORD in front of all the people of Israel. He said, "Let the sun stand still over Gibeon,
and the moon over the valley of Aijalon."
¹³ So the sun stood still and the moon stayed in place until the nation of Israel had defeated its enemies. Is this event not recorded in The Book of Jashar ? The sun stayed in the middle of the sky, and it did not set as on a normal day.
¹⁴ There has never been a day like this one before or since, when the LORD answered such a prayer. Surely the LORD fought for Israel that day!
¹⁵ Then Joshua and the Israelite army returned to their camp at Gilgal.
¹⁶ During the battle the five kings escaped and hid in a cave at Makkedah.
¹⁷ When Joshua heard that they had been found,
¹⁸ he issued this command: "Cover the opening of the cave with large rocks, and place guards at the entrance to keep the kings inside.
¹⁹ The rest of you continue chasing the enemy and cut them down from the rear. Don't give them a chance to get back to their towns, for the LORD your God has given you victory over them."
²⁰ So Joshua and the Israelite army continued the slaughter and completely crushed the enemy. They totally wiped out the five armies except for a tiny remnant that managed to reach their fortified towns.
²¹ Then the Israelites returned safely to Joshua in the camp at Makkedah. After that, no one dared to speak even a word against Israel.
²² Then Joshua said, "Remove the rocks covering the opening of the cave, and bring the five kings to me."
²³ So they brought the five kings out of the cave ? the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon.
²⁴ When they brought them out, Joshua told the commanders of his army, "Come and put your feet on the kings' necks." And they did as they were told.
²⁵ "Don't ever be afraid or discouraged," Joshua told his men. "Be strong and courageous, for the LORD is going to do this to all of your enemies."
²⁶ Then Joshua killed each of the five kings and impaled them on five sharpened poles, where they hung until evening.
²⁷ As the sun was going down, Joshua gave instructions for the bodies of the kings to be taken down from the poles and thrown into the cave where they had been hiding. Then they covered the opening of the cave with a pile of large rocks, which remains to this very day.
²⁸ That same day Joshua captured and destroyed the town of Makkedah. He killed everyone in it, including the king, leaving no survivors. He destroyed them all, and he killed the king of Makkedah as he had killed the king of Jericho.
²⁹ Then Joshua and the Israelites went to Libnah and attacked it.
³⁰ There, too, the LORD gave them the town and its king. He killed everyone in it, leaving no survivors. Then Joshua killed the king of Libnah as he had killed the king of Jericho.
³¹ From Libnah, Joshua and the Israelites went to Lachish and attacked it.
³² Here again, the LORD gave them Lachish. Joshua took it on the second day and killed everyone in it, just as he had done at Libnah.
³³ During the attack on Lachish, King Horam of Gezer arrived with his army to help defend the town. But Joshua's men killed him and his army, leaving no survivors.
³⁴ Then Joshua and the Israelite army went on to Eglon and attacked it.
³⁵ They captured it that day and killed everyone in it. He completely destroyed everyone, just as he had done at Lachish.
³⁶ From Eglon, Joshua and the Israelite army went up to Hebron and attacked it.
³⁷ They captured the town and killed everyone in it, including its king, leaving no survivors. They did the same thing to all of its surrounding villages. And just as he had done at Eglon, he completely destroyed the entire population.
³⁸ Then Joshua and the Israelites turned back and attacked Debir.
³⁹ He captured the town, its king, and all of its surrounding villages. He completely destroyed everyone in it, leaving no survivors. He did to Debir and its king just what he had done to Hebron and to Libnah and its king.
⁴⁰ So Joshua conquered the whole region ? the kings and people of the hill country, the Negev, the western foothills, and the mountain slopes. He completely destroyed everyone in the land, leaving no survivors, just as the LORD, the God of Israel, had commanded.
⁴¹ Joshua slaughtered them from Kadesh-barnea to Gaza and from the region around the town of Goshen up to Gibeon.
⁴² Joshua conquered all these kings and their land in a single campaign, for the LORD, the God of Israel, was fighting for his people.
⁴³ Then Joshua and the Israelite army returned to their camp at Gilgal.